Tjx Companies free essay sample

The data theft that TJX Companies experienced was caused by using the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption system. The WEP had become easy for hackers to navigate and had become quite out of date. TJX also failed to properly encrypt data on many of the employee computers that were using the wireless network, and did not have an effective firewall. The company had also purchased additional security programs that were not installed correctly. An alternative to the out of date WEP could have easily been used. The Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) standard in conjunction with a sophisticated encryption system could have been used to replace the WEP. Firewalls could have reduced or eliminated the ability of the hackers to gain access to sensitive information. Lastly the company should have ensured that all computers containing customer information were secure when connecting to a wireless network. The cost associated with data breaches can be enormous and infinite. We will write a custom essay sample on Tjx Companies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A data breach can have severe repercussions including reputational costs to organization and brand. A data breach can also cause the loss of confidence and apprehension in consumer. This in turn will cause less people to shop with TJX companies which can create a loss in revenue. The consumer can also have charges and unauthorized use of their credit information. Banks and issuers of credit and debit cards were forced to replace the stolen cards and refund any money that was stolen due to fraudulent credit or debit charges. I believe that TJX should have taken full responsibility for that data theft. I think that the biggest moral obligation that was not met is the obligation to securely store customer data. This moral fault has been estimated to cost upwards of one billion dollars. I also believe that TJX should have been held accountable for all damages since it was their lack of security that allowed the hackers to steal the data in the first place.

Free Essays on Dante

By: John Kame Dante Alighieri was the first and best Italian poet and wrote mainly on love and religion. His Divine Comedy is considered the greatest book of the last millennium. George Steiner said, "Dante’s totality of poet form and philosophic thought, of local universality and language, remains unrivaled. At a time where the notion of culture and of European culture in particular, is somewhat in doubt, Dante is the sovereign underwriter. His are the solutions beyond logic† (Twito 5). On June 5, 1265 Dante was born Durante Alighieri, Dante was a nickname, in Florence, Italy. His family was of decayed nobility with some pretensions to power (Giles 1). He was taught the classics and scholastic Christian literature, and wrote much poetry when he was young, consisting mainly of love lyrics in the style of Guido Guinizelli and Guido Cavalcanti. This style that used poetical art not only to speak about love, but to celebrate it, he called Stilnovo which means â€Å"new style† (Gil es 2). He fell in love with a woman named Beatrice, who was also called Bice di Folco Portinarti by some, whom he met only twice in 1274 and 1283 at the age of nine and eighteen respectively. His love was a transformation of courtly love popularized by the Provencal literature of minstrels, troubadours, and the such. To Dante, Beatrice symbolized divine grace and supreme beauty. He wrote La Vita Nuova about her, and she was his guide through Purgatory in La Divina Commedia (Auerbach 1). Because Beatrice died in 1290, Dante married Gemma di Manetto Donati even though he didn’t completely love her. They had between three and seven children together (Giles 1). 2 Dante, who was in the Guelph party, was deeply involved in the issues and events of his day, which reflected in his writing. He was a member of the Florentine cavalry that routed the Ghibellines at Campaldio in 1289. In 1300 he became one of the six priors, or governors, of Florence (Mojana 56). At t... Free Essays on Dante Free Essays on Dante By: John Kame Dante Alighieri was the first and best Italian poet and wrote mainly on love and religion. His Divine Comedy is considered the greatest book of the last millennium. George Steiner said, "Dante’s totality of poet form and philosophic thought, of local universality and language, remains unrivaled. At a time where the notion of culture and of European culture in particular, is somewhat in doubt, Dante is the sovereign underwriter. His are the solutions beyond logic† (Twito 5). On June 5, 1265 Dante was born Durante Alighieri, Dante was a nickname, in Florence, Italy. His family was of decayed nobility with some pretensions to power (Giles 1). He was taught the classics and scholastic Christian literature, and wrote much poetry when he was young, consisting mainly of love lyrics in the style of Guido Guinizelli and Guido Cavalcanti. This style that used poetical art not only to speak about love, but to celebrate it, he called Stilnovo which means â€Å"new style† (Gil es 2). He fell in love with a woman named Beatrice, who was also called Bice di Folco Portinarti by some, whom he met only twice in 1274 and 1283 at the age of nine and eighteen respectively. His love was a transformation of courtly love popularized by the Provencal literature of minstrels, troubadours, and the such. To Dante, Beatrice symbolized divine grace and supreme beauty. He wrote La Vita Nuova about her, and she was his guide through Purgatory in La Divina Commedia (Auerbach 1). Because Beatrice died in 1290, Dante married Gemma di Manetto Donati even though he didn’t completely love her. They had between three and seven children together (Giles 1). 2 Dante, who was in the Guelph party, was deeply involved in the issues and events of his day, which reflected in his writing. He was a member of the Florentine cavalry that routed the Ghibellines at Campaldio in 1289. In 1300 he became one of the six priors, or governors, of Florence (Mojana 56). At t...

Marketing Project writeup Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing Project writeup - Research Paper Example The larger models, on the other hand, are for bigger lecture halls. There are around 40 Universities and over 20 Colleges in Ontario, not to mention its primary and secondary schools. Among the 40 Universities, 27 of which are government-funded, and are geared towards acquiring the best tools to support the educational system. These will be considered the primary target market of Notedesk company. It will seek to penetrate these universities, and supply Notedesk particularly for Science, Mathematics and Information Technology courses, whose demand for up to date educational tools is high. Notedesk is also available for companies that offer multi media productions in the form of seminars and forums. The aim is to capture the interest of companies outsourcing training programs and even venues for such programs. Notedesk embodies top of the art information technology, and will surely be aligned with these companies’ own marketing strategy, These gadgets will give these companies a new image lift, and although it will prove to be an added investment for these companies, Notedesk guarantees to be great and efficient partner in their quest for better training

Feminist Principles and Practices in Geography Essay

Feminist Principles and Practices in Geography - Essay Example They explored feminist contributions from ecological movement, black, feminist and gay movements, the forces of nationalism, and so on. They find out that each and every one of these oppositional cultures possessed a distinctive geography, which is a vital part of their ability to survive and contest dominant orders. (Peet & Thrift, 1989, p. 21) So what kind of feminist critical practice does the new geography of identity foster' First, let it be said that feminist criticism has not been and should not be limited to discussions of identity and subjectivity. But since these issues have been so foundational for much feminist criticism, it is important for us to think through the implication of the new geography for work that continues to explore the production and reception of women's writing and the textuality of gender. Second, feminist critical practice focused on questions of identity and subjectivity has already begun to change significantly as a result of the new geographics. The initial incursion of women's issues and feminist analysis into urban geography was an angry one. Early writers argued that geographers had ignored women's activities and that this distorted both the reality of women's lives and the understanding of human-environmental relations. They said that geographers were building models on the basis of family forms and gender-based movement patterns, which no longer existed. Yet this incursion was also a cautious one. As with any attempt to introduce new content into a discipline developed in its absence, people moved warily. They looked for footholds, places in existing frameworks for women's new and unratified patterns. (Peet & Thrift, 1989, p. 111) Existing frameworks did not appear to offer many such footholds. Despite the pioneering efforts of a few humanists and historical materialists, at this point still zealously and often dogmatically explicating their respective philosophies, urban geography was largely a spatial science. It focused on attempts to explain and predict patterns of movement using models, which extrapolated from empirical evidence of human, and commodity movement in the past. The patterns women created were unpredictable and even inexplicable in terms of this kind of science. Demographic predictions foundered, victims of the failure to acknowledge the growing campaigns around fertility control and new family forms. The 'units' of demographic change acquired unexpected political convictions and made themselves known as complex, conscious beings. (Peet & Thrift, 1989, p. 111) Similarly, discussion of residential location and the categorisation of socio-economic status were disordered by unforeseen, two-incom e families. Journey-to-work researchers were perplexed by women's apparently erratic non-maximizing movements, which were punctuated by trips to childcare, shops, and childrens' teachers (Monk & Hanson 1982). Initially, such problems

History of Cadbury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of Cadbury - Essay Example r by the name of â€Å"Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham† in 1847 and started operating an office in London; following the partnership in 1854, they received Royal Warrant of manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa to Queen Victoria. Before 1850s chocolate was a luxury food item, enjoyed only by the elite society of Birmingham but in the 1850s due to a decline in the import taxes, the prices reduced and everybody could afford chocolate. In 1861, John’s partnership with his brother Benjamin was dissolved by mutual agreement and Cadbury was handed over to John’s sons George and Richard Cadbury because of the poor health of their father. Richard took over the marketing and sales side of Cadbury, George managed the manufacturing of Cadbury chocolate and in 1866, they launched â€Å"Cocoa Essence† (all natural products without any starchy ingredient) as George acquired a revolutionary cocoa press. George and Richard decided in 1878 to expand their business and for that reason, they acquired the Bournbrook Estate, situated in the south of outskirts of Birmingham. This estate was named Bournville and later they opened the Bournville factory. In 1905, Cadbury launched its first milk chocolate with higher milk content than other chocolates and became the best selling product in the year 1913. In 1918, Cadbury’s trade increased and it spread globally when Cadbury launched its first factory at Hobart Tasmania (BBC, 1). In 1919, Cadbury was merged with JS Fry & Sons to compete against Rowntree (brand owned by Nestle). On 22 September 1955, Cadbury advertised itself on TV for the first time. In 1969, Cadbury was again merged with beverages company Schweppes and formed Cadbury Schweppes. Cadbury Schweppes then acquired other companies but in US, the manufacturing of Cadbury’s confectionary products was licensed to The Hershey Company. In 2009, Kraft foods made a bid of $ 16.2 billion to takeover Cadbury but according to Cadbury, the bid was undervalued. Later in 2010, there

Literature Review Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay

Literature Review Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay Review of literature is an essential step in the development of a research project. The primary purpose is to gain abroad background or understanding of the information that is related to the research problem. Review of literature of the present study was arranged in the following heading: Review related to polycystic ovarian syndrome. Review related to prevalence Review related to Quality of life Review related to risk factors. Review related to treatment. . Review related to poly cystic ovarian syndrome. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), also known as Stein Leventhal Syndrome, was first described in 1935. PCOS, which may also be referred to as polycystic ovary disease (PCOD) is the most common hormonal disorder found in premenopausal women. PCOS affects 7% of women from all races and nationalities. Typically, PCOS symptoms first appear in adolescence, normally around the state of menstruation. Occasionally, some women do not develop PCOS symptoms until their early to mid-20s. One of the most common symptoms of PCOS is irregular periods. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) becomes symptomatic during adolescence and affects at least 5% of reproductive-age women. PCOS is a heterogeneous syndrome of unexplained chronic hyperandrogenism and oligo-anovulation, with a polycystic ovary being an alternative diagnostic criterion. About half of cases lack some of the classic Stein-Leventhal syndrome features of menstrual irregularity, hirsutism, obesity, and polycystic ovaries. Whether the syndrome can be diagnosed in the absence of hyperandrogenism is controversial, and the documentation of hyperandrogenemia can be problematic. The broad spectrum of the disorder seems to encompass atypical cases of hyperandrogenemia with central obesity and features of insulin resistance instead of hirsutis m or anovulation. Functional ovarian hyperandrogenism (FOH) is usually the source of the androgen excess. It is characterized by 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17PROG) hyperresponsiveness to the gonadotropin stimulation of GnRH agonist or human chorionic gonadotropin testing and subnormal suppressibility of plasma testosterone upon adrenal suppression by glucocorticoid. It is often accompanied by functional adrenal hyperandrogenism, characterized by 17-hydroxypregnenolone or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) hyperresponsiveness to ACTH; in atypical PCOS, the sole source of androgen excess may be functional adrenal hyperandrogenism. The underlying defect seems to be a constitutive dysreglulaton of steroidogenic cells (9). Intrinsic granulosa cell dysfunction is also present. LH excess appears to contribute to 50-75% of cases. Evidence is accumulating that it arises from androgen interfering with the progesterone negative-feedback effect on LH secretion. However, the possibility of primary central mechanisms for L H excess remains, particularly in adolescent PCOS . Increasing evidence suggests that PCOS arises as a complex trait with contributions from both heritable and nonheritable factors. Polygenic influences appear to account for about 70% of the variance in pathogenesis. Nearly half of sisters of women with PCOS have an elevated plasma testosterone level, although only half of them are symptomatic. Polycystic ovaries appear to be transmitted as a dominant trait, usually asymptomatic but often accompanied by a subclinical PCOS type of ovarian dysfunction. Central obesity and insulin resistance seem to play important roles in PCOS, perhaps by accentuating steroidogenic dysregulation but perhaps more fundamentally because PCOS is closely related to these features in parents. Gestational factors have also been incriminated; the syndrome has been associated with high birth weight in heavy mothers and can arise from fetal programming by androgen excess. In view of these indications for congenital origins of the syndrome, it is not surprising th at there is increasing recognition of risk factors for PCOS in childhood Minerva Pediatr (2010) Polycystic Ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disorder, involving primarily ovarian hyperandrogenism in females and linked with insulin resistance in the majority of cases. Clinical features are widely variable and include a combination of menstrual irregularities, acne, hirsutism, and alopecia. Although it typically presents around puberty, several risk factors during childhood may help raise a high index of suspicion for the development of PCOS in adolescents. The pathophysiology of PCOS still remains unknown and likely includes a combination of genetic factors, insulin resistance and environmental factors. A thorough diagnostic work up is required in suspected cases and several management modalities have been suggested. Since various long term complications and comorbidities are associated with PCOS early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention is warranted in these cases. Review Related To Prevalence Pembe AB, Abeid MS (2009). The aim of this study was to determine prevalence of polycystic ovaries (PCO) and associated clinical and biochemical features among women with infertility attending gynaecological outpatients department (GOPD) at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. All women with infertility attending the GOPD from 11th September 2006 to 15th February 2007 were recruited to the study. Information on socio-demographic, obstetric and menstrual characteristics was collected. Anthropometric measurement, clinical examination of acne and hirsutism, vaginal ultrasonography for PCO and biochemical analysis of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone were performed all 102 women who attended the GOPD during the study period due to infertilityw ere recruited. Two women were excluded after diagnosis of pregnancy made by hormonal assay and ultrasonography thus remaining with 100 women for analysis. Oligomenorrhoea and acne were significantly higher in a group of women with PCO than among women with normal ovaries. The mean hirsutism score though was not significant, was higher in women with PCO than in women with normal ovaries (5.1 +/-2.7 vs 4+/-2.4, P Koivunen R. (1999) conducted study about prevalence of polycystic ovaries in healthy women. The prevalence of polycystic ovaries varies with age. The findings are more common in women aged 35 years or younger than in those aged 36 years or older. It remains unclear of women with polycystic ovaries will later develop fall-blown polycystic ovary syndrome; however, the hormonal parameters and clinical findings among women with polycystic ovaries mimized those will polycystic ovarian syndrome. Enhrman DA, Cavagham MK, Barnes RB, (1999) prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome have the highest risk of glucose intolerance. Among women with polycystic ovary syndrome, 35% will have impaired glucose tolerance and 10% will be diabetic before age 40. Hyperandrogenemia may have a role in the development of glucose intolerance or be a marker of insulin resistance. Conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDDM appears to be accelerated in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Review related to quality of life Moran L, el.a.l (2010) conducted a observational, cross sectional study in young woman. He assess the psychological features in young women with and without PCOS. Women with PCOS demonstrated worsened quality of life (p=0.033 ) and greater anxiety (p= 0.01)and depression (p=0.023) than women without PCOS related to BMI status. Women with PCOS were more likely to perceive themselves as at risk of obesity (p=0.012) and infertility (p=0.0001), and perceived greater importance in reducing future risk of prediabetes (p=0.027), gestationl diabetes (p=0.039),type2 diabetes (p= 0.01) , heart disease (p=0.005),obesity(p=0.0007),and infertility(p=0.023) than women without PCOS. Women with PCOS were more likely to have fears about future health related to weight gain (p=0.045 ), loss of femininity (p =0.035) , loss of sexuality (p =0.003) and infertility (p=0.019) than women without PCOS. Worsened quality of life, anxiety and depression in young women with PCOS is related to BMI. Risk percepti on is appropriately high in PCOS, yet perceived risk of future metabolic complications are less common than those related to weight gain and infertility. Judy Griffin Mc Cook, et al conducted on a cross sectional, regarding quality of life in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. The results of this study indicate that women with PCOS have the greatest concern in the area of weight, followed by menstrual problems and infertility. These concerns are directely reflected in their objective life experiences. Women with PCOS clearly need education and support regarding the effect of their quality of life. Sigrid elsenbruch el.al They conducted a survey method the sample was collected from out patients clinics of the devision of endocrinology ,department of medicine at the university of essen, based on referrals from gynecologists in the surrounding area or patients attracted by the clinics home page. They concluded that the pronounced psychological and psychosocial problems affecting health related to quality of life of patients with PCOS. Although an effective medical treatment aimed at improving PCOS related symptoms will also reduce psychological distress and improve sexual self worth , consideration of both the medical and psychological situation with the availability of an additional help group are likely to further improve life satisfaction and coping of affected women. Maria E el. al conducted a cross sectional study of female adolescents and to determine whether clinically observed or self -perceived severity of illness attect their HRQL (Health related quality life) they concluded that adolescents with PCOS experience lower HRQL compared with healthy adolescents. Polycystic ovarian syndrome and perceived severity of illness negatively affect HRQL in adolescents. This study suggests a need to develop interventions to reduce the distress that patients with PCOS may face to adolescents and young adult. Susanne Hahn, el. al A Comparative study was conducted in out patient clinic of The Department Of Medicine, university of Duisburg Essen, Germany. The result of the study was PCOS patients showed significant reductions in quality of life, increased psychological disturbances, and decreased sexual satisfaction when healthy controls. BMI and hirsutism scores, but not the presence of acne , were associated with physical aspect of quality of life and sexual satisfaction. No clear effect of androgens or insulin resistance on psychosocial variables was detected. Similarly, the type of menstrual cycle disturbances or infertility had no impact on psychological well being. Review related to risk factors Robert L. Rosenfield et al 2007 in this study state that risk factors for PCOS can be recognized in childhood. This study concluded that premature pubarche patients appear to carry about a 15 -20 % risk of developing PCOS. It seems likely that the risk is relatively high in those with exaggerated adrenarche and relatively low in those with ordinary premature adrenarche or idiopathic premature pubarche. PCOS is a complex trait with a large hereditary component. There fore, the presence of PCOS, or central obesity, diabetes, or other insulin resistant features in a parent should heighten the concern about risk for PCOS if the child presents other risk factors. Bulent O. Yildiz, et.al (2005) The study was conducted at a tertiary care center. Population prevalence of PCOS according to body mass index (BMI) and change in BMI of PCOS patients over time were measured. The results suggest that the risk of PCOS is only minimally increased with obesity, although the degree of obesity of PCOS patients has increased, similar to that observed in the general population. These data indicate that obesity in PCOS reflects environmental factors to a great extent. Meher un Nisal (2009) A cross sectional analytical study was conducted in Qassim University Clinic, in the year of 2007 -2009 . They concluded that obesity plays an important role in the genesis and maintenance of polycystic ovarian disease. PCOD is the leading cause of anovultory infertility in females and affects 1 in 10 women of reproductive age. PCOD is strongly associated with obesity. Angela Kerchner, B.A., el .al (2009) coducted a prospective longitudinal study cocluded that there is a significant risk mood disorders in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. The persistent high rate of depression and other mood disorders are presents in young women with PCOS. Rosenfield RL. The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (2007) conducted a study on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) appears to arise as a complex trait with contributions from both heritable and nonheritable factors. Polygenic influences appear to account for about 70% of the variance in pathogenesis. In view of this evidence for congenital contributions to the syndrome, childhood manifestations may be expected. The objective has been to review the evidence that risk factors for PCOS can be recognized in childhood. Congenital virilizing disorder are average or low birth weight for gestation age; premature adrenarche, particularly exaggerated adrenarche; atypical sexual precocity; or intractable obesity with acanthosis nigricans, metabolic syndrome, and pseudo-cushing syndrome or pseudo-acromegaly in early childhood have been identified as independent prepubertal risk factors for the development of PCOS. During adolescence, PCOS may masquerade a s physiological adolescent anovulation. Asymptomatic adolescents with a polycystic ovary occasionally (8%) have subclinical PCOS but often (42%) have a subclinical PCOS type of ovarian dysfunction, the prognosis for which is unclear. Identifying children at risk for PCOS offers the prospect of eventually preventing some of the long-term complications associated with this syndrome once our understanding of the basis of the disorder improves. Fertile steril (2009) conducted a prospective longitudinal study in university they state that there is a significant risk for mood disorders in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. They found that a high conversion risk for depression over a 1 to 2 year period under scores the importance of routine screening and aggressive treatment of mental health disorders in this population. Duleba AJ, Ahmed IM (2010) observational study to evaluate urinary albumin excretion (UAE) in normotensive and non diabetic women with polycystic ovary syndrome in relation to their clinical, endocrine, and metabolic motiles. They concluded urinary albumin exenetion in women with pcos correlates well with other cordiovcescular events is continuous, evaluation of UAE in the presence of information and may aid in selecting appropriate patients for move aggressive treatment of likely aggravation factors, such as hyperonsulinemia or borderline hypertension. Want Y, et.al says that the family history of diabetes mellitus has the most effect on the clinical phenotype in women with PCOS. The family history of other diseases such as menstrual disorder, premature balding and hypertension play less significant roles. A family history of positive coronary heart disease does not affect the clinical phenotype of such patients. A survey of the polycystic ovary syndrome in the Greek island of Lesbos: hormonal and metabolic profile. Review related to Treatment Moran LJ, Pasquali R, (2009) state that the lifestyle management should be used as the primary therapy in overweight and obese women with PCOS for the treatment of metabolic complications. Jeans YM, et.al (2009) they conducted a experimental study on dietary management of women with PCOS. They concluded that 73% of overweight women were not following a diet to promote weight loss. Humphreys L, costarelli V (2008). They concluded that in spite of the fact that weight loss and weight maintenance are absolutely vital in the treatment the PCOS. In their study bees shown that the support given to PCOS patients to help reduce and control their weight is inadequate and needs to be improved. Hector F Escobar et.al. (2008). They done a case control study including 40 PCOS patients matched with 40 non hyperandrogenic women for age and body mass index. They concluded that serum OPG (Osteoprotegerin) concentrations are reduced in PCOS patients independently of obesity. Unlu C. Atabe koglu CS. (2006). They suggest that the metformin has gained popularity as first line management in clomiphone citrate resistant women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. It ovulation does not occur within several months offer treatment with metformin, affer the evaluation of all PCOS and cons related to each treatment. Laparoscopic ovarian drilling or gonadotropins may be considered as an effective option according to patients choice. Glueck CJ, et. Al. (2009 Sep) conduct a study: in 20 adolescents age, or = 17(16+/- 1 yr) with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endocrinopathy and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors. Median weight fell from 85.5 to 78.4 kg(p=0.004), waist circumference from 91 to 84 cm (p= 0.017), triglyceride form 108 to 71 mg/dl (p=0.026), and testosterone from 45.5 to 31.5ng/dl (p=0.03). The percentage of cycles with normal menses rose from a pre-treatment median of 8% to 100 %, p Genazzani AD, Ricchieri F, Lanzoni C conducted a study in metformin is quite an old drug, but it is optimal for the control of glycemia in type 2 diabetes. It was reported, 15 years ago, that insulin resistance was abnormally high in most polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. Starting disorder over 2 years after menarche, a higher incidence of obesity, marked hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance and disorderly gonadotropine secretion in comparison with control subjects. Hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance are much more severe in obese adolescent PCOS. Beata Banasjewska MD Ph.D., Antoni J Duleba MD, Robert Z. Spacjynski, Lipids in polycystic ovarian syndrome Role of hyperinsulinemia and effects of metformin.Use of metformin in hyperinsulinemia women with PCOS is associated with a significant improvement of lipid profile; these findings support the notion that metformin use may be considered prophylactic therapy aimed at lowering cardiovascular risk factors. Jeans YM et al (2009) conducted a study related to dietary management of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Advice provided by dietitians focused on a reduction in energy intake (78%) and dietary glycaemic index (77%) often in combination. Of the women with poly cystic ovarian syndrome who were following a diet specifically for their poly cystic ovarian syndrome (57%) regimes included a low glycaemic index (34%), weight loss diets (16%) or a combination (26%). Of interest, 73% of overweight women were not following a diet with only 15% of women having seen a dietitian. Eighty-four percent of women with poly cystic ovarian syndrome who had increased physical activity (48%) self-reported an improvement in their symptoms. They concluded that women with poly cystic ovarian syndrome recognize the importance of diet, but few received dietary advice from a registered dietitian. The dietary information women with poly cystic ovarian syndrome received was often from an unregulated source. A consensus statement of evidence-based dietary advice for women with poly cystic ovarian syndrome is needed and would be a useful resource for dietitians.

Local or National Issue

In this essay, an attempt will be made to assess the important issue: ‘America’s dependence on foreign oil’.   In the context of steeply rising oil prices, it is important that the American government devises strategy to reduce its dependence on foreign oil. The USA is one of most developed countries in the world and it has been using large amount of oil resources. There has been increase in the demand for oil from the American citizens. Oil is essential for the economic progress of any nation in the modern world. However, America is not self-sufficient in the oil production. This would mean that it needs to import huge quantity of oil from the foreign countries particularly the Islamic countries in the Middle East. At the same time the American president has declared a ‘war on terror’ particularly on the Islamic terrorists. The Islamic terrorists have not taken this declaration lightly and this is proved by their continued attack on the American embassies and people all over the world. The Islamic countries possess huge reserves of oil. The lack of huge oil reserve is the main limitation of the American economy. This limitation has been utilized by the anti American terrorist groups.   The American government has been importing huge amount of oil from the foreign countries and in the process it has been paying huge amount of dollars to the Islamic countries. One can suggest that this dependence of America on foreign oil has encouraged the Islamic terrorist activities as they obtain the American dollars directly or indirectly through the sale of oil to America. This would imply that the American government has been paying to the terrorist groups to indulge in anti-American activities. For example, it is well known that Osama bin Laden obtained financial support from contributions from the Islamic nations. This has limited the ability of the American government to fight against terrorism. The American dependence on foreign oil also has affected the American economy particularly due to the great increase in the price of oil. The oil producing nations enjoy monopoly over the oil production and sale. They can control the oil price and its supply. This has reduced the autonomy of America in world politics. The American government needs to avoid the repetition of the terrorist attacks on the American nation. For this, Americans need to enjoy energy self-sufficiency. (Gal, 2004) The government and the people can contribute to the oil self-sufficiency by reducing oil consumption. The government needs to encourage the scientists to develop alternative energy resources. For example, recently the scientists have found that oil can be replaced by energy resources such as electricity, ethanol, bio-diesel, hydrogen fuel and such other alternative fuels. Already, a few cars which can use alternative fuels have been produced by the American car manufacturers. The government needs to encourage the consumers to use such alternative fuels in their cars in order to improve the financial strength of the country. This would also reduce the financial strength of the Islamic terrorist organizations as they mostly depend on the American dollars in the form of oil exports to America. The government should introduce legislations to provide incentive to alternative fuel producers and consumers so that in all the provinces of the USA people would become aware of the need to save precious American dollar in order to fight the war against terror. By introducing such alternative fuels in the cars, it is possible to save huge amount of dollars which otherwise would have been spent for the purpose of purchasing oil from the foreign countries. Alternative fuel production plants also would lead to improved economic condition of America. This shows that the American government needs to establish oil independence. Bibliography Luft, Gal. (October 2004). Ending America’s Dependence on Middle East Oil. The Middle East Forum Protecting American Interests. Retrieved 31 March 2006 from